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Globalisation and Migration

The Migration Context

Understanding Global Mobility

Globalisation affects migration patterns by increasing the movement of people across borders for work, education, family reunification, or refuge. Understanding global migration requires analysis of the causes, consequences, and debates about who benefits from these movements.

Movement Terminology

➡️

Immigration

The arrival of individuals to a new country to live.
⬅️

Emigration

Leaving one’s home country to live elsewhere.
⚖️

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a country.
📈

Net Immigration

Positive net migration (more arrivals than departures).

CAUSES OF GLOBAL MIGRATION

Global migration flows are determined by a combination of repulsive and attractive forces, alongside shifts in economic needs.

1

Push Factors

Negative conditions that encourage people to leave their home country.
2

Pull Factors

Positive attractions in destination countries.
3

Global Labour Patterns

Demand for labour in certain industries created by globalisation.
4

Tourism

Although primarily temporary, tourism is a form of mobility linked to globalisation.

Push and Pull Factors

➡️
Push FactorsPoverty, unemployment, war and conflict, political repression, natural disasters, and lack of services like education and healthcare.
🏡
Pull FactorsBetter job opportunities, higher wages, political stability, safety, better education, and family ties.

CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL MIGRATION

Migration has wide-ranging effects on sending and receiving countries and on migrants themselves.

1

Cultural Diversity

Enriching societies with new languages, religions, cuisines, and traditions.
2

Economic Benefits

Migrants contribute positively by filling labour shortages and paying taxes.
3

Resource Strain

Pressure on resources and public services like housing, education, and healthcare.
4

Negative Perceptions

Risk of xenophobia, prejudice, racism, and social exclusion.

Debates about Who Benefits

🤔
Does the loss of skilled workers (‘brain drain’) fatally undermine the development of sending countries?
🦉
Not necessarily. Migrants send remittances which reduce poverty, and may return home leading to skill transfer and investment (‘brain gain’).

Remittance Impact (Sending Countries)

Remittances sent by migrants to families can be a major economic benefit.

Item Description Impact
Remittances Received $ INFLOW
Poverty Reduction $ IMPROVEMENT
Cost of 'Brain Drain' $ OUTFLOW
Net Effect on Living Standards $ COMPLEX/POSITIVE

Critical Perspective on Migrant Perceptions

⚠️

Societal Conflict: Migrants are sometimes portrayed negatively in media and political discourse, blamed for crime, job loss, or cultural ‘threat’. Such scapegoating fosters prejudice, racism, and social exclusion.

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Migration & Globalisation Deck
Term
Immigration

What is immigration?

Answer
Definition

The arrival of individuals to a new country to live.

Term
Emigration

What is emigration?

Answer
Definition

Leaving one’s home country to live elsewhere.

Term
Net Migration

Define net migration.

Answer
Definition

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a country.

Term
Push Factors

What are push factors in migration?

Answer
Definition

Negative conditions that encourage people to leave their home country.

Term
Examples of Push Factors

Give examples of push factors.

Answer
Examples

Poverty, war, political repression, natural disasters, lack of services.

Term
Pull Factors

What are pull factors?

Answer
Definition

Positive attractions in destination countries that draw migrants.

Term
Examples of Pull Factors

Give examples of pull factors.

Answer
Examples

Better jobs, higher wages, political stability, safety, education, family ties.

Term
Globalisation & Labour Migration

How does globalisation affect labour migration?

Answer
Explanation

It creates demand for labour in industries, leading to flows of low-skilled and skilled workers across borders.

Term
Economic Benefits from Migrants

What economic benefits do migrants bring to receiving countries?

Answer
Benefits

Filling labour shortages, paying taxes, stimulating consumption, and sending remittances.

Term
Social Challenges of Migration

What social challenges can migration cause in receiving countries?

Answer
Challenges

Pressure on housing, healthcare, jobs, and potential social tensions or xenophobia.

Term
Brain Drain & Brain Gain

What is brain drain and brain gain?

Answer
Definitions

Brain drain is loss of skilled workers from sending countries; brain gain is their return with new skills.

Term
Benefits to Migrants Themselves

How might migrants benefit themselves?

Answer
Benefits

By accessing better jobs, education, and freedoms, though they may face hardship and discrimination.

Term
Misconceptions About Migration & Wages

What is a common misconception about migration’s impact on wages?

Answer
Clarification

Some believe migration lowers wages, but overall economic impact is complex and often positive long-term.

Term
Tourism, Globalisation & Migration

How does tourism relate to globalisation and migration?

Answer
Explanation

It creates mobility and some tourists may settle or migrate temporarily for work in tourism industries.

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🌍 Migration and Globalisation Quiz

1. What does ‘net migration’ refer to?

Net migration measures whether a country experiences more people entering or leaving.

2. Which of the following is NOT a pull factor for migration?

High unemployment is a push factor that encourages people to leave, not attract them.

3. Migration only has positive economic benefits for receiving countries. (True/False)

While migration often brings economic benefits, it can also strain resources and services.

4. What is ‘brain drain’?

Brain drain refers to skilled professionals leaving their home country, potentially harming development.

5. How does globalisation affect migration patterns?

Globalisation integrates economies and societies, encouraging cross-border migration.

📊 Results

  • Notes and Quiz
  • Sociology
  • AS & A Level
  • Globalization
  • CAIE